Intro Benjamin Franklin's one-fluid theory of electricity in 1747 proposed that an excess or deficiency of a single "electrical fluid" created the phenomena he termed positive and negative charges. Later, Michael Faraday's 1834 research into electrochemistry established that the movement of specific, charged particles, which he named ions i.e. movements, was responsible for electrical current in solutions. Shortly after came the Telegraph and Railway Time. The electron was defined in 1891, the proton in 1920. Go to Photon at end. Main Body Volt was invented in 1861 as a unit of Electromotive Force while Ohms measured Resistance, and Farads were initially a one-volt one-megohm one-second charge. After 1873 Farads measured Capacitance e.g. 300 Farads x 12 Ohms starting at 12 Volts (and 1 Amp) would run a current for 1 hour, before dropping to 4.41 Volts and 0.37 Amps. See Farad below. Amp in 1881 became charge movement per second, while Coulomb became the new unit. The formula I = V/R in a closed circuit means Current (I) = Voltage (V) divided by Resistance (R), with I based on "Intensité de Courant" (French). This is known as Ohm's law, defined by Georg Ohm in 1827, and by the 1850s widely known, considered proved. Current's new name Amps. Watt was defined the following year, in 1882, as the unit of power with the related term Joule suggested the same time, as the unit of heat. The joule and the watt were adopted in 1889. W (joules per second) = V (joules per coulomb) x A (coulombs per second) where W is watts, V is volts, and A is amperes of current.
Farad became a derived unit where volts (V) x farads of capacitance (C) = coulomb qty (Q) of charge. Named after physicist Michael Faraday for physical storage of charge in capacitors. One Farad describes a case of two oppositely charged plates, each with a coulomb of charge and a potential difference of one volt between them. Why is your answer in seconds when you multiply ohms times farads using T=RC? By Ohm’s law, resistance is inversely proportional to current which is coulombs per second (charge movement per second). C measures total units in coulombs. What’s left after the "units" math is seconds.
Photon
In 1900 Max Planck quantified the smallest unit of heat change or "action" as 6.626 × 10−34 joule per hertz (joule seconds). In 1905 Albert Einstein associated this quantum or minimal element of the energy, to the electromagnetic wave itself. Between 1925-1930 the photon became its favoured name, a force carrier having no mass but possessing energy (size) and momentum (direction), with visible light measured at 10−19 joule. In modern physics, its repulsion of two electrons is described by a scattering process, where the two electrons bounce off one another through the passing of an intermediate photon. See too its closeness to the Greek word "Pneuma" and Hebrew "Ruach". Translated in English as "Spirit", meaning a blast of air. John 3:8 "The wind (pneuma) blows where it wishes, and you hear the sound of it, but cannot tell where it comes from and where it goes. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit (Pneuma)." Acts 2:2 "a sound from heaven, as of a rushing mighty wind" Electronvolt An associated term that also developed in France in 1925-1930 was the electronvolt or eV, defined as 1.6 x 10−19 Joule. One eV corresponds to an infrared photon with a wavelength of 1,240 nm nanometres and a frequency of 241.8 Terahertz THz Trillion Hz.
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